Yemen has been in cyclical conflict since the 1960s and on a path of state collapse for over a decade. This turbulent political history has reinforced some of the country's most salient sociocultural fault lines. This study highlights four distinct fault lines in contemporary Yemen. The first—Statehood Narratives—involves competing proposals to define and control the nature of the modern Yemeni nation-state. The second—Mobilized Religion—considers how religious identity is manipulated for political ends. The third—Kinship Networks and Alliances—highlights the key political role played by tribal alliances and kinship identity. The fourth—Political Economy of Conflict—details some of the main opportunities for economic exploitation created by the wartime economy. Together, the fault lines provide a snapshot of key ways in which U.S. adversaries may seek to exploit Yemen's sociocultural fault lines to gain a competitive geopolitical advantage.