This issue of TRISA Red Diamond features an article on noncombatants in complex environments and ways to create dynamic conditions in training using armed and unarmed noncombatants. Other opportunities to create complexity are cyber attacks and how such actions can be injected into training situations. The Hybrid Threat (HT) for training includes many perspectives of the human domain and how to shape, influence, or coerce change in a relevant population.
Recent examples of irregular forces conducting operations are an insurgent attack on a Syrian air base that included use of an armored personnel carrier as a vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED), IED use to assassinate a Mexican law enforcement official, and IEDs used in a Turkish urban setting for the psychological impact on a community.
The TRISA-CTID Horn of Africa (HOA) Operational Environment Assessment provides a selected preview with a military variable in Ethiopia as one of seven HOA states.